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Plante

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Li costal sequoia rubi, Sequoia sempervirens, es til 116 metres alt.

Plantes es eukaryotic organismes, predominantmen fotosintetic, que forma li reyia Plantae. Multi plantes es multicellulari. Historicmen, li reyia plantal includet omni vivent coses que ne es animales, quam algas e fungos. Omni current definitions exclude li fungos e alcun del algas. Per un definition, plantes forma li clade Viridiplantae (latin por "verdi plantes"), quel consistes de verdi alga e li embriofites o terric plantes. Lu ultim include antocerotofites, marchantiofites, mosses, licofites, filices, coniferes e altri gimnospermes, e florant plantes. Un definition basat sur genomes include li Viridiplantae e anc li rubi algas e li glaucofites, in li clade Archaeplastida.

Verdi plantes obtene li max quantitá de lor energie de lúmine solari, usar cloroplastes derivat de endosimbiose con cianobacterie. Cloroplastes performa fotosinthese usante li pigment clorofill, quel da les lor verdi color. Alcun plantes es parasitic e have perdit li capabilitá a producter normal quantitás de clorofill o a fotosynthesisar. Plantes es caracterisat per sexual reproduction e alternation de generationes, ma nonsexual reproduction es anc comun.

Hay circa 380.000 savet species de plantes, de quel li majoritá, circa 260.000, producte semes. Verdi plantes provide un substantial proportion de oxigen moleculari del atmosfere terrestri e es li base de li majoritá del ecosistemas del Terra. Cereales, fructes, e vegetales es basic human nutrimentes e have esset domesticat por millennies. Plantes have multi cultural e altri usus, quam ornamentes, constructent materiales, scritural materiales, e, in grand varietá, ili have esset li fonte de medicamentes. Li scientic studie de plantes es nominat botanica, un branche de biologie.

Li diversitá de plantes

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Li desmid Cosmarium botrytis es un singul cellul.

Hay circa 382.000 acceptat species de plantes,[1] de quel circa 293.000 producte semes.[2] Li tabelle infra monstra alcun estimates del quantitá de species in li diferent divisiones de verdi plantes (Viridiplantae). Circa 85–90% de omni plantes es florant plantes. Pluri projectes es provar currentmen a colecter data de omni species de plante in surlineal data-bases, p.ex. li Mundial Flora Surlineal.[1][3]

Plantes rangea in grandore de singul cellules, quam multi algas includent desmides (de 10 micrometres diametre) e picozoans (minu quam 3 micrometres),[4][5] al árbores quam li conifere Sequoia sempervirens (til 116m alt) e li angiosperm Eucalyptus regnans (til 100m alt).[6]


Li diversitá de divisiones de vivent verdi plantes (Viridiplantae) per númere de species
Informal gruppe Divisional nómine Comun nómine Nr. de species vivent
Verdi alga Chlorophyta Verdi algas (clorofites) 3800–4300 [7][8]
Charophyta Verdi algas (p.ex. desmides e carales) 2800–6000 [9][10]
Briofites Marchantiophyta Marchantiofites 6000–8000 [11]
Anthocerotophyta Antocerotofites 100–200 [12]
Bryophyta Mosses 12.000 [13]
Pteridophytes Lycopodiophyta Clobbe-mosses 1200 [14]
Polypodiophyta Filices e cavalle-caudes 11000 [14]
Spermatofite
(semeferic plantes) 		Cycadophyta Cicades 160 [15]
Ginkgophyta Ginkgo 1 [16]
Pinophyta Coniferes 630 [14]
Gnetophyta Gnetofites 70 [14]
Angiospermae Florant plantes 258.650 [17]

Li nomination de plantes es governat per li International Code de Nomenclatura por algas, fungos, e plantes[18] e li International Code de Nomenclatura por Cultivat Plantes.[19]

Evolution de plantes

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Li antecessores de plantes terrestri evoluet in aqua. Un algal scum format sur li terre 1200 Ma (million annus ante nu), ma ne til li Ordovician, circa 450 Ma, que li prim terric plantes aparit, con un nivelle de organisation simil de mosses.[20] Tamen, li evidentie de proportiones de isotopes de carbon in precambrian roccas suggeste que complex plantes developat plu quam 1000 Ma.[21]

Primitiv plantes terrestri devenit a diversifica in li tard Silurian, circa 420 Ma. Mosses, clobbe-mosses, e filice tande apari in li registre de fossiles.[22] Tost plantal anatomie es preservat in cellulari detallie in un tost Devonian assemblage de fossiles del Rhynie chert. Ti plantes esset preservat per petrification in chert format in silica-rich vulcanic calid fontes.[23]

Al fin de lu Devonian, li majoritá del basic trates de plantes hodial esset present, includent radicas, folies, e secundari ligne in árbor quam Archaeopteris.[24][25] In li Carboniferosi periode, forestes developat in paludic vicinités, dominat by clobbe-mosses e cavalle-caudes, alcun tam grande quam árbores, e li aparentie de tost gimnospermes, li prim semeferic plantes.[26]

Li grand extintion inter li Permian e Triassic periodes changeat radicmen li structuras de comunités de plantes. [27] To mey haver preparat conditiones por li evolution de florant plantes durante li Triassic (circa 200 Ma), con un adaptiv radiation in li Cretosi de tal rapiditá que Darwin dit it esset un "abominabil misterie".[28][29][30] Coniferes diversificat del tard Triassic adavan, e ili deveni un dominant parte de floras durante lu Jurassic.[31][32]

Vide anc

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Referenties

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "An Online Flora of All Known Plants." The World Flora Online.
  2. ↑ "Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2010)." International Union for Conservation of Nature: 11 March 2010.
  3. ↑ "How many plant species are there in the world? Scientists now have an answer." 2016-05-12.
  4. ↑ (2014) "Chapter 9. Conjugating Green Algae Including Desmids", Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification, 2, Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4. 
  5. ↑ Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes'. In: PLOS ONE. 8, Nr. 3, 26 March 2013
  6. ↑ "Sequoia sempervirens." The Gymnosperm Database. 2017.
  7. ↑ Van den Hoek, C. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448. ISBN 0-521-30419-9. 
  8. ↑
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ Van den Hoek, C. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 457, 463, & 476. ISBN 0-521-30419-9. 
  11. ↑ Crandall-Stotler, Barbara (2000). "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta", Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 21. ISBN 0-521-66097-1. 
  12. ↑ Schuster, Rudolf M. (1992). The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America VI. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 712–713. ISBN 0-914868-21-7. 
  13. ↑ Bernard Goffinet: Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification. In: Monographs in Systematic Botany. 98, 2004, S. 205–239
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 (2005) Biology of Plants, 7th, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. 
  15. ↑ (1988) Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 358. ISBN 978-0-7167-1946-5. 
  16. ↑ (1993) The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 636. ISBN 978-0-13-651589-0. 
  17. ↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics Avise:Webarchive
  18. ↑ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants."
  19. ↑ Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press, 26. ISBN 978-0-5218-6645-3. 
  20. ↑ Thomas N. Taylor: The Origin of Land Plants: Some Answers, More Questions. In: Taxon. 37, Nr. 4, November 1988, S. 805–833
  21. ↑ Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes. In: Nature. 473, Nr. 7348, 26 May 2011, S. 505–509
  22. ↑ (2018) Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants. Springer, 17. ISBN 9783319773155. 
  23. ↑ : An introduction to the Rhynie chert. In: Geological Magazine. 157, Nr. 1, 2019, S. 47–64
  24. ↑ C. B. Beck: The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon. In: Brittonia. 12, Nr. 4, 1960, S. 351–368
  25. ↑ : 'Elkinsia gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules. In: Botanical Gazette. 150, Nr. 2, 1989, S. 170–189
  26. ↑ "Plants."
  27. ↑ : Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record. In: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22, Nr. 10, 2007, S. 548–557
  28. ↑ William E. Friedman: The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery". In: American Journal of Botany. 96, Nr. 1, January 2009, S. 5–21
  29. ↑ : The angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin's 'abominable mystery'. In: Ecology Letters. 12, Nr. 9, 2009, S. 865–872
  30. ↑ Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms. In: Nature Plants. 3, Nr. 3, 2017-03-03, S. 17015
  31. ↑ Additional evidence for the Mesozoic diversification of conifers: Pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus minutus gen. et sp. nov. (Coniferales), from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica. In: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 257, October 2018, S. 77–84
  32. ↑ An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record. In: American Journal of Botany. 105, Nr. 9, September 2018, S. 1531–1544
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